Theoretical Aspects Of Financial Crisis Finance Essay - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 10 Words: 2993 Downloads: 9 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Finance Essay Type Narrative essay Did you like this example? Sapir 2008 analysed that there were a combination of three things that were related to the financial crisis; a crisis of capitalism, a financial crisis and a liquidity crisis. This unusual combination explains how serious the impacts of the crisis were. Each element had different repercussions and at the same time was tightly linked. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Theoretical Aspects Of Financial Crisis Finance Essay" essay for you Create order Allais 2002 blamed excessive development of payment promises and their financing. He argued that the same causes generate the same effect, which explains some of the crises that had occurred in history and also explains the events of the last crisis that became a global issue. A journal article written by Kern Alexander 2008 Principles v Rules in financial recommended efficient regulation to prevent misconduct and misdemeanour of excessive lending to people that are unable to pay back loans, which has become a burden on the economy. Regulators do have the resources and expertise to cope with this issue. However efficient regulation is difficult because of the incentives financial institutions have to develop means to avoid the impact of regulations by loophole missing (Eaglesham 2012). Therefore it will always be a case where changes in regulations would not generally respond promptly to the pace of change in markets and economy (Kern 2009). Sapir 2008 concluded the emergenc e of new development models and that the crises imply a global re-evaluation of international integration strategies. Many would assume that Sapir is questioning as to what should be done about this issue. Boccara 2009 indirectly expressed his desire for Islamic finance and suggested that Islamic banking could be a new economic system base. Boccara 2009 complimented Islamic finance as a potential alternative. On the other hand Khan and Bhatti 2008 argued that Islamic banking will face challenges that could be difficult to overcome. A similar study to this research Bellalah et al. 2004 mentioned that there is a strong relationship between interest and instability, which are to do with financial and liquidity crisis mentioned by Sapir 2008. Akerlof and Shiller 2009 believe that financial crisis exist mainly because of changes in confidence, envy, illusions, temptations and stories about the nature of the economy. To understand Akerlof and Shiller 2009 theory Catts 2013 explai ned the theory in reference to reality and argued that those who could not afford a house or could not make payments were astonished by the fact that house prices would never fall. Therefore a lot of people were starting to take out subprime (high risk) mortgages and these were usually supplied by loan/mortgage brokers. Keynes 1937 believes how economic fluctuations are explained by spontaneous changes in the moods of people (optimism and pessimism). Minsky 1986 explained how a financial crisis would occur when a bubble in asset prices collapse. Greenspan 2003 said: The notion of a bubble bursting and the whole price level coming down seems to me as far as a national nationwide phenomenon, is really unlikely (CRAIG, Page 10). Keynes 1937 made the following argument: Even apart from the instability due to speculation, there is the instability due to the characteristic of human nature that a large proportion of our positive activities depend on spontaneous optimism rather than mathematical expectations, whether moral or hedonistic or economic. Nobody was aware of the consequences. Both Akerlof and Shillers (2009) point agrees with Keyness (1937) statement to an extent. However they point out that non economic motivations play a role in this, as they believe that the classical and new classical model ignores non economic factors. Barny 2005 argues that there was a substantial excessive inflation of house prices and on top of that interest rates were historically low. This created a mania for home ownership and lead to people optimistically buying homes, as explained by Minsky 1986 and Keynes 1937. Kindleberger 1987 and Friedman Schwartz 1963 argued that many banks would be forced to close. Economists Hayek 1935 and Wicksell 1935 (both subscribed to the Austrian school of economics) have in further depth elaborated the relationship between interest and instability. However Hayek 1935 examined Wickells 1935 study with the assumption of employm ent levels fluctuating, where as Wicksells 1935 assumed full employment. This would mean that both conclusions would slightly differ. Nevertheless the theories of the two economists in the end supported that interest leads to economic instabilities. The first part of the literature review managed to identify some of the causes that lead to a global financial crisis. It was important to have taken economic theories into consideration, as this dissertation will focus on how Islamic finance can assist the conventional system into becoming more resilient to the crisis. Therefore the second part of the literature review will look at the principles of Islamic finance. Islamic Finance History Islamic banking is one of the major economic developments in the early 1970s. However, the concept is not new. (Choudhury and Hussain 2005) discussed that Islamic banks have emerged since the 20th century and that they offer banking services through their resourced based view. Both Khan and Bhatti 2008 argued that Islamic finance made tremendous breakthroughs that have made the system viable and a competitive alternative to conventional banking. Currently Islamic banking is growing at 15-20% per year. Mawlana Maudidi proposed the idea of Islamic finance in the 1940s and was further developed by Anwar when Maududi died in 1979. According to Visser 2009 the main motivation of the development of specific Islamic views on the economy was due to the conviction that Islam was seen as backward by the European civilisation, which had little time for the tenents of Islam in the economic sphere (Visser, 2008 p4 8). Siddiqi 2002 has credited Maudidi for the development of Islamic finance, but argued that strong political ideas of Maudidi should be ignored as they might have arisen from a reaction of what the European civilisation thought of Islam and that no anti-western feelings need to be involved. Siddiqi 2002 has also stated that the world needs to participate in Islamic finance. Karbhari et al. 2004 explained that conventional banks have acknowledged the potential of Islamic finance. As result a number of conventional banks such as ANZ bank, Barclays, Citybank, HBSC and Lloyds TSB offer Islamic finance products, which not only illustrates there has been much recognised growth, but also how valuable the idea proposed by Maudidi has been. On the other hand, it must be mentioned that some scholars raised concerns about the legitimacy of Islamic products offered by conventional windows (Abdurahman, 2006, Yaquby, 2005 and Malik et al. 2011). Not one person can guarantee that funds provided to establish these windows did not involve interest, which means that t hat capital could be unacceptable according to the Shariah principles. These are potential challenges that many that many conventional banks that wish to open Islamic windows will face as mentioned by Khan and Bhatti 2008. These challenges could also explain as to why HSBC has decided to withdraw some of its Islamic windows. Different people have different ideology on why interest might be prohibited. However there are debates going on amongst scholars as to whether it is allowed for a transformed conventional institution to Islamic institution, could be classed Islamic if it commits to make charitable donations to purify their money. Tlemsani 2010 argued whether both Islamic and conventional banking can work together in a mutually productive manner. Lewis 2008 believes that Islamic finance varies little from conventional banking, which indicates a possibility that the two financial systems could co-evolve. Both might be correct in their suggestions, but Berger and Huntingdon 200 2 believe that the two systems are irreconcilable and conflict between each other, as conventional banking is merely profit motivated whereas Islamic banking focuses on the economic wellbeing and also profit. In addition Islamic banking completely avoids interest. Ahmad 1992 acknowledged that Islam completely prohibits interest. But if Islamic economics completely prohibits interest, then why do Muslim countries run their financial institution with the involvement of interest? This raised many questions and not one single person has managed to answer this (John Foster, 2009)., which also lead to people enquiring about whether Islamic finance is really Islamic (Foster, 2009). Shariah Board The activities and behaviours that caused the financial crisis are completely unacceptable in Islam. Every Islamic bank institution has its own Shariah board, and their responsibilities are to ensure operations adhere to Shariah law and give approval to management team regarding any operations and activities (Wilson, 2004 p9). After any approval the board monitors the ongoing activities and ensures that they are performed in the practice of the Shariah law. Both Hasan 2008 and Malik et al. 2011argue that there is no single organisation that governs the Islamic banking industry. It would be more beneficial to Islamic banking as a whole if there was a universal set of Islamic banking rules. Indonesia is a very good example, as the rulings are mandatory for all Shariah boards within the nation. Dr Hassan in a recent report that looked at the toughest issues facing Islamic finance admitted that the reason for this was that scholars with both Islam and finance knowledge are extremely scarce (which Malik et al. 2011 mentioned too) (Isra, 2012). In the same report Dr Laldin disagreed with Dr Hasans point as he claimed that there is no shortage of Shariah advisors in the market. As mentioned in the previous paragraph scholars in the Shariah board identify whether Islamic banking products are Shariah compliant. According to Wilson 2004 merely stating whether a product is Shariah compliant or not is insufficient. He recommends Shariah scholars should be more involved in the marketing as well as regulation. This shows that scholars are more proactive. Wilson 2004 also argued that Islamic banks need to consider ways to convince new and existing customers about the benefits of their innovative products and also demonstrate their products to new business circumstances and at the same time ensure customers that they are Shariah compliant. Van Gaal claimed that Islamic banks do engage with their customers. Therefore it can be assumed that Wilson 2004 might have been tr ying to explain that Islamic banking need to improve on their marketing (Van Gaal, 2012, p27). This assumption has been also made by a number of individuals who have analysed the challenges faced by Islamic finance (Mustafa 2011, Askari et al. 2010, Ramal Hussain 2010). Principles of Islamic finance Interest For many centuries Muslim nations have been developing ways of co-operating their religious beliefs and values within their business and banking. The fundamentals of Islamic banking are concepts in compliance with Islamic Sharia law principles. The Islamic bank is a banking establishment that solicits funds and employs them in accordance with the Islamic Shariah, for the purpose of building Islamic solidarity and ensuring justice of distribution and employment of funds in accordance with the Islamic principles. Abdelgadir B, Graham H.R, Cyril R.T ( 1994, p.6). In Islam there are two sources of principles that determine the Islamic structure, which primarily is the Quran itself and the Sunnah. The structure and basics of Islamic finance is different to the Western Commercial banking and financing system in many aspects. One way in which it distinguishes itself from conventional finance, is through the complete prohibition of interest (riba), whereas with conventional banking interest is the main driver (El-Gamal, 2006). Shariah law (Islamic law) strictly forbids interest. However it does not prohibit gains on capital. The Shariah law requires that performance of capital is taken into consideration when rewarding capital. In financial terms, use of capital must add value and not be devoid of risk (Arberry, 1964, p. 4). It is stated in the Holy Quran in the following verses: Those who devour usury will not stand except as stands one whom the Evil One by his touch hath driven to madness. That is because they say: Trade is like usury, But Allah hath permitted trade and forbidden usury. Those who after receiving direction from their Lord, desist, shall be pardoned for the past; their case is for Allah (to judge); but those who repeat (the offence) are companions of the fire; they will abide therein (forever). Holy Quran, Surah al Baqarah, 2:275 (23 Source: The Meaning of the Holy Quran. (Translated by Abdullah Yusuf Ali. Ninth Edition 1997. Amana Publications, Beltsville, Maryland, USA). The former president Obasanjo speaking in 2000 about Nigerias mounting debt to international creditors stated: All that we have borrowed up to 1985 was around US$ 5 billion, and we have paid about US$ 16 billion. Yet we are still being told-that we owe about US$ 28 billion. That US$28 billion came about because of the injustice in the foreign creditors interest rates. If you ask me what the worst thing in the world is, I will say it is compound interest (Shakespeare, 2011)(PRESSTV) The repercussions of interest are so severe to not only cause unable mortgage payers to lose their property, but enough to put a whole country into debt. Many more countries in the world, especially third world countries have very large debts to be clearing. According to Shakespeare 2011, the region of Sub-Sharan Africa pays $10billion every year in debt services which is four times the amount countries within that specific region spend on health care an d education (NewsInt 1998). Shah 20005 pointed out that there is $523 billion debt burden after $550 billion has been paid in both principal and interest. Although this might be irrelevant to the topic it still is a very good example to consider and understand why Islamic finance prohibits interest. A general agreement among Islamic scholars is that the charging of interest and any positive, fixed, predetermined rate of return which are promised regardless of how well a project performs is prohibited and also usury. (Iqbal and Tsubota 2006). The financial crisis started with the subprime mortgage where mortgage originators collateralized the debt by mixing prime and subprime debt. This means that they had less incentive to undertake careful underwriting Ghafour 2008. Zarqa 1983; Siddiqi 1983 have described Islamic banking as one that is value based and aims to ensure moral and material well being of individuals and society as a whole, whereas conventional banking can act inconsid erate about the economic well being. Gambling and Speculation Kunhibiva 2010 stated that any activity that involved a form of gambling is strictly forbidden in Islam, as well as speculations that lead to zero sum outcome. It is stated in the Holy Quran: They ask thee concerning wine and gambling. Say: in them is great sin, and some profit, for men; but the sin is greater than the profit (Holy Quran, Surah al Baqarah 2:219). The main reason why gambling is forbidden, is due to the fact that one gains through no effort (Damansari 2007, p.219). Campbell 2008 in an interview unveiled that conventional banks were aware of the risks involved in the activities of excessive lending, leading to a zero-sum outcome. Although gambling in conventional thought is widely accepted as McGowan and Brown 1994 believe that one should have the economic freedom to do as they desire. However there are some that argue against it Borna and Lowry 1987 believe that such activity does not take the economic well being into account. Tickell 1999 on the other hand argues that it should be totally avoided in the conventional banking system. It is to be said that Islamic finance principles can assist conventional banking on how to be more resilient to a future crisis. Islamic banking has shown more resilience during the time of the crisis compared to conventional banking, where a number of big players had to be bailed out by the government. A published document by Nankin and Schmidth 2009 showed some of the institutions in the conventional system that had to be bailed out, because of the way the crisis had affected them: Fannie Mae / Freddie Mac: $400 Billion American International Group (A.I.G.): $180 Billion Bank of America: $142.2 Billion These were companies with huge reputations. They had to be bailed out, for the reasons that they were all involved with the subprime mortgage crisis. Islamic banking principles and why Khan 1985 noted that the abolition of interest based transactions is not a subject that is new to conventional economic thought. A number of economists have agreed that the conventional system is instable compared to Islamic finance and Islamic scholars blamed interest rates. People who supported the conventional system such as Metzler 1950 and many more were familiar with the fact that the conventional system was not stable in the long term. For that reason Metzler proposed an interest free model where contracts should only be based on equity. This illustrated a more economic stability, because as explained by Keynes 1937 and Akerlof Shiller 2009 economic fluctuations are caused by changing moods of individuals and the existence of illusions which are both influenced by interest rates. This explains that interest is an act of exploitation and injustice (Lewis 2008). However scholars such as Chapra (1985), Khan (1985) and Siddiqi (1980 and 1982) are not fully against interest. They argued that interest should be rewarded only if savings are used to create additional capital and wealth. In the real world however, this is not the case, because interest rates have nothing to do with capital productivity. Instead, interest is paid on money and has to be paid regardless of whether an investment is a success or not. A lot of research has been carried out in this field with many similar opinions. Choudrys and Hussain s 2005 have also stressed their point of view which closely relates to Zarqa 1983 and Siddiqi 1983 way of thinking. There are many more researchers such as Dusuki and Abdullah 2007 who have critically reviewed and explained how Islamic banking aims to create a much fairer and balanced society as prescribed by Islamic economics. Chapra 2009 discussed this issue and added on how it has the potential to minimise the chances for a future crisis. All these compliments to Islamic finance are thanks to the Shariah principles which ensure proper Islam ic banking to act in an appropriate manner John LIU , ; Iqbal and Mirakhor, 2006 and Islamic prohibits interest because: Alternative products and alternative options (musharakah, ijarah sukuk etc) Whether Islamic finance principles can be adopted (scholarly reviewed articles To organise valuable ideas and findings To identify other research that may be in progress To generate research issues To develop a critical perspective To organise valuable ideas and findings To identify other research that may be in progress To generate research issues To develop a critical perspective

Dehumanization In Brave New World And 1984 Essay - 1192 Words

Imagine a world where mothers, fathers, brothers and sisters are no longer a part of society. Imagine a world of lifeless shells of humans. Both Brave New World, by Aldous Huxley, and 1984, by George Orwell, portray such societies that have been degraded by the idea of ‘utopia. In such a distraught society its no surprise that people will loss their humanity. For those characters that still had sanity, the impact of this world would twist their minds to the limit. To be human is to be able think and learn without any restraints. To have an opinion all to ones self even if it my clash with someone elses. To be human is to have emotion. One must be able to smile, cry, laugh or shout without living in fear of the consequence. One must†¦show more content†¦All of the advantages of Christianity and alcohol; none of their defects. Huxley(54), according to Mustapha Mond. The lack of a religion helps to ensure that the citizens, both upper and lower class, have no reason to rebel Bernard Marx is an upper class Alpha who constantly struggles being different from the rest of the Alphas, and, in the beginning, tries to find a way to become more popular. By the end of the novel, Marx has come to terms with the society which he had first seemed to dislike. Marx meets a woman called Lenina Crowne, and they both travel to a savage reservation. There, Marx and Lenina meet John the savage and his mother Linda. Linda is originally from the civilized world and became pregnant which, in that society, is illegal and was sent to Reservation herself. Once brought back to the New World, John soon found the differences between the two worlds to great. All his values and morals clashed with those of the new society. It turns out, John was the only sane person left. He didnt understand how the citizens lived the way they did, with no morals or values. 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Work Sheet Free Essays

* * Scavenger Hunt Worksheet Assignment Background: The point of this assignment is to get you to search and become familiar with the GCU Learning Management System (LMS) LoudCloud and the GCU web site. These two sites have many resources to help you be a successful student. Assignment Instructions: Answer the following questions that require you to search the LoudCloud classroom and GCU web site. We will write a custom essay sample on Work Sheet or any similar topic only for you Order Now Feel free to search around the sites until you find the things you are looking for. LoudCloud Questions 1. After logging into the LoudCloud classroom, list the tabs and other items on the screen when you first enter a course in LoudCloud. 2. From the course home page in LoudCloud, click on the â€Å"Tasks† tab and then click on â€Å"Forums†. Make notes on the various forums and their purposes. * * 3. Find the Student Success Center under the Resources Tab. Click on this link. List some of the services provided to students at this link. * * 4. Inside the Student Success Center, click on the Writing Center link. Click on LoudCloud Courses. What writing style is required for 100- and 200-level courses at GCU? 5. Inside the Student Success Center, click on the Support Services link. List the services available at this link. 6. Inside the Student Success Center, click on the Succeed at GCU link. Click on the GCU Tutorials link at the bottom of the page. What tutorials are available for students at this link? 7. Click on the Resources Tab in the LoudCloud classroom. List each section. Review each section and list what you find in it. 8. Click on the Course Home link the left-hand corner of the screen. List some of the components found on this page. 9. Go to http://library. gcu. edu. Click on the Frequently Asked Questions (on the left) link. List how a GCU student finds a Book, DVD, streaming video, or other multimedia at the GCU library: * GCU Web site Questions (http://www. gcu. edu) 1. Locate and click the Spiritual Life link on the right side of the screen. You will notice a navigation pane on the left side of the screen. Click the â€Å"+† sign next to Chapel and the Gathering. What information is listed under Chapel and the Gathering? 2. On the Home page, locate and click the Current Students button on the right side of the screen. Scroll down the page. What links are listed under the Student Resources section? 3. On the Home page, locate and click on the Resources tab at the top of the screen. Click the Technical Support link listed under the Support Services section. What information can be found under Technical Support? 4. On the Home page, click on the Contact Us tab which is located just above the home page footer. This is where you can locate phone numbers and addresses of the colleges, the main GCU switchboard, and the Student Services offices. List the phone numbers of the following departments located in the Student Contact Information section: * Career Services- * Center for Learning Advancement- * Academic Advising- * Finance Counselors- * Office of Academic Records- * Technical Support 5. On the Home page, notice the icons on the top right header area. What are the other icons listed next to theâ€Å"† for the GCU Facebook page? 6. On the Home page, click the About Us tab located at the top. What is the vision and mission statement for Grand Canyon University? 7. Also under the About Us tab, locate the four pillars of Grand Canyon University. 8. Navigate from the About Us tab to the Academics tab. Read about Accreditation near the bottom of the page. What did you learn? 9. Navigate from the Academics tab to the Student Life tab. Scroll down the page to locate and click on Bookstore. Click the Online Bookstores link and then through to the Grand Canyon Online Students section. What sort of materials can a student purchase from this site? How to cite Work Sheet, Essay examples

Strategic Supply Chain Partnership Environmental †Free Samples

Question: Discuss about the Strategic Supply Chain Partnership Environmental. Answer: Introduction Information system helping in gaining all types of organizational goals with excellent strategies is known as strategic information system (Haux et al. 2013). The most significant advantage of this strategic information system is that it provides competitive advantage to that typical organization. These information systems often deliver any product or service that does not incur much cost and is absolutely differentiated for focusing on the segment of market that is important (Galliers and Leidner 2014). It is considered as one of the most important characteristic in the field of IT or information technology. Moreover, this type of information system is responsible for helping all the organizations in storing, categorizing, transferring and processing of any type of information or data. The operational efficiency of the organization is solely developed with this strategic information system (Willcocks 2013). Accounting software can be defined a specific type of application software, which helps in recording and processing the financial transactions in the functional modules like trial balance or general ledger. The functionality of this software is just like an accounting information system (Dandago and Rufai 2014). Accounting software can be accessed from anywhere with any device that has Internet connectivity and does not incur much cost. This literature review will be providing a short as well as precise discussion on the most popular ad significant banking sectors in Australia, Commonwealth Bank of Australia. This literature review will outline the several organizational problems and the organizational structure of CBA. The system efficiency method, system flowchart and the various control problems of the organization will be given here. The relevant accounting software package for CBA will be highlighted here. Commonwealth Bank of Australia is the most popular and important multinational banking sectors having businesses in the various countries across the world including Asia, Europe and entire Australia (Commbank.com.au. 2018). This particular bank is responsible for providing several financial services that include funds management, investment, loans, investment, insurance and many more. In the year of 2015, CBA was listed as the largest bank in Australia in the Australian Securities Exchange with other brands like Bankwest, ASB Bank and Commonwealth Securities. Commonwealth Bank of Australia is one of the four banks with Westpac, ANZ and NAB (Commbank.com.au. 2018). This organization comprises of an extraordinary organizational structure and various organizational strategies that has made the organization extremely popular and well accepted by all. Organizational Structure of Commonwealth Bank of Australia The organizational structure of the Commonwealth Bank of Australia is explicitly popular and important for the organization. This organizational structure comprises of all the managing bodies and important employees of the bank (Palvia and Palvia 2013). The board of directors or the board of commissioners of this organization includes the owners, directors, stockholders and many more. The three levels of management, i.e. top management, middle management and lower management are properly given here. Although, Commonwealth Bank of Australia is one of the best banks in Australia, there are some of the major operational problems within the organization (Ogiela 2015). These problems are therefore the most significant as well as dangerous as they are effecting the market shares of the organization. The shares of this organization are going down explicitly and thus the popularity of the company is falling (Laudon and Laudon 2016). Over the last five years, due to the degradation in shares, various operational problems have occurred. This is mainly due to the wrong strategies that the organization has undertaken. Commonwealth Bank of Australia has taken various approaches for solving their operation problems. The main reason that their approaches or strategies did not work was constant alterations in the market trends (Arvidsson, Holmstrm and Lyytinen 2014). CBA was always involved in the competition of going on top. This type of competition often can be harmful to the organization and this was exactly what happened with CBA. This bank was failing to satisfy their clients and was not being able to meet the expectations (Konsynski and Karimi 2013). The situation even has gone down to such limit that they were unable to give loans to their clients. Another important problem that occurred within CBA was that they were not making enough money. A multinational bank, CBA found it really hard to make money and thus the competition was increased from all types of financial technology companies (Hill, Jones and Schilling 2014). The popularity of all types of financial technology organizations worldwide has somewhat affected the banking sectors and CBA is one of the major victims. This is mainly because CBA is a traditional bank and they are being able to cope up or adjust with the modern changes or alterations. The operations of the bank are much traditional in comparison to other financial technology organizations (Bryson 2017). Moreover, the regulatory requirements have continued to increase and the banks require spending maximum on the discretionary budget and thus escalating the requirements. The above figure has properly demonstrated about the downfall of the share price of the Commonwealth Bank of Australia (Alexander 2013). In the above figure, during the period of June and July 2013, the share price has gone up to 70%, however, recently, it has gone down to below 20%. Organizational Strategies There are some of the most significant strategies of the Commonwealth Bank of Australia. There are four major strategies of CBA. They are as follows: i) Customer: This is the first and the foremost strategy of the Commonwealth Bank of Australia. They always focus on their customers. According to them, the customers are the most important part of their organization. The culture of this particular bank is completely vibrant and customer focused (Amrollahi, Ghapanchi and Talaei-Khoei 2013). The diversification and safety of the money of their customers are properly maintained by the bank. The major reason for this type of ideology is that they think that this would help to maintain their popularity. ii) Technology: The second important strategy of the Commonwealth Bank of Australia is their technology. They try to maintain their technology. Although, they are facing problems in coping up with the financial technology companies, they are still trying to increase their technological skills (Yoo 2013). The real time capabilities are maintained with several developed applications. Productivity: The third strategy of the bank is the productivity. The productivity of this particular bank is much more than the rest of the banks in Australia. They are continuously simplifying their method so that they can achieve and obtain for better results or outcomes for their customers (Gholami et al. 2013). Productivity is something that they always focus on and according to the Commonwealth Bank of Australia, it is extremely critical for their long term success. The process by process look is undertaken by them and thus the errors are reduced and the unit costs are reduced. Strengths: The final strategy of the Commonwealth Bank of Australia is their strength. The financial crisis of the bank is overcome with the extraordinary strategies and thus they try to focus on their strengths for making the organization strong and popular (Youn et al. 2013). An extremely popular, strong as well as flexible balance sheet is being maintained and is very important for ensuring that they can continue in supporting their clients and thus capitalize on opportunities. System Acquisition Method Enterprise Resource Planning or ERP is undertaken by the Commonwealth Bank of Australia for the system acquisition (Al-Hiyari, AL-Mashre and Mat 2013). ERP can be defined as the procedure through which any specific organization controls as well as integrates various areas like purchasing, planning, finance, marketing and many others. The organizational goals as well as objectives are well achieved with this particular technique. CBA utilizes SAP model for their business (Dandago and Rufai 2014). However, the involvement of SAP is not easy and it needs proper professional training. Flexibility and scalability are the two most significant advantages of SAP. This particular ERP model has provided the Commonwealth Bank of Australia with excess effectiveness and popularity (Simkin, Norman and Rose 2014). Moreover, SAP also help in gaining utmost proficiency within the software. Cost effectiveness is another important benefit of the model. The specific SAP model of the organization is abso lutely updated and thus it helps to solve the problems related to any type of operation. It is even utilized by the bank for making the bank shares absolutely steady and working (Amrollahi, Ghapanchi and Talaei-Khoei 2013). If the interest rates of the bank would be reduced, then the customers would again take loans from CBA. Various problems are faced by the Commonwealth Bank of Australia. Several modifications have occurred in the bank shares and this growth of the organization completely depends on various stakeholders and marketing team (Bryson 2017). The brand name of this particular bank is solely affected as well as influenced in the sector. The control problems of this organization even are responsible for reducing the growth in the entire market. There are various types of frauds possible in the system of Commonwealth Bank of Australia. The first and the foremost fraud of this organization mainly include the hoax emails or the hoax SMS messages (Arvidsson, Holmstrm and Lyytinen 2014). The other fraud of the bank includes phishing and spoofing. Smishing is the most popular form of phishing and SMS. Accounting Software Packages Accounting software packages are utilized for recording and processing the accounting transactions within the functional modules like the payroll, general ledger, trial balance and many more (Simkin, Norman and Rose 2014). This type of accounting software packages are purchased from any specific third party or is developed by any organization. There is a great variety in cost and complexity. There are various types of accounting software packages available in the market. The most popular examples include Myob and Xero. The accounting software package that CBA has utilized in the accounting software package is Xero (Xero Accounting Software. 2018). It is a cloud based accounting software for all types of businesses. However, it is popular for the smaller and the medium sized organizations. Approximately all products of this software are on the basis of the SaaS model or software as a service. There are various advantages that the Commonwealth Bank of Australia enjoy from the accounting software package of Xero. They are as follows: Supporting Maximum Clients in Lesser Time: It helps to support maximum time in extremely less time and Xero is utilized by the Commonwealth Bank of Australia (Al-Hiyari, AL-Mashre and Mat 2013). Reporting of Real Time Finances: This is another important advantage of Xero. The real time finances are reported with this. Easy Collaboration: The owners of the business and all the clients could be easy collaborated with this particular accounting software. High Improvement: Xero software is always improving and thus allow easy updates of the software (Yoo 2013). Identification of Market Leaders and Competitors The Commonwealth Bank of Australia is not only the market leader in banking sector. There are few more, who is leading the market of Australian banks (Hill, Jones and Schilling 2014). These banks are the core competitors of the CBA. The most popular and significant competitors of the Commonwealth Bank of Australia are given below: i) National Australian Bank or NAB ii) Australia and New Zealand Banking Group or ANZ Bank Auckland Savings Bank or ASB iv) Bank West v) Westpac New Zealand vi) Kiwi Bank St. George Bank, Australia (Konsynski and Karimi 2013). The most significant competitors of the Commonwealth Bank of Australia are being shown in the above figure (Willcocks 2013). According to this, Commonwealth Bank of Australia is still getting the highest shares. Around 20% is taken by them. 16% is taken by National Australian Bank and 13% is taken by the Australia and New Zealand Banking Group. The remaining 51% of shares are taken by all the remaining banks available. The above figure has clearly shown that Commonwealth Bank of Australia is within a better position than the rest and thus is obtaining competitive advantages (Laudon and Laudon 2016). Hence, it is depicted that Commonwealth Bank of Australia is leading the market of banking and banking services. Relevant Suggestions or Recommendations Commonwealth Bank of Australia has faced various operational and organizational problems within their system. The most significant issue or problem in the Commonwealth Bank of Australia is that the interest rates of this bank are much higher than the rest of the banks in Australia. Therefore, it is highly recommended to the bank to reduce their interest rates as soon as possible so that people are able to take up the loan once again from this bank. The second significant problem in the Commonwealth Bank of Australia is that people are not willing to invest in the bank as they are worried about their security. This is solely because of the downfall in shares. It is highly recommended that they should advertise about their bank more often. Another important problem is their CRM. The customer relationship management should be kept on first priority for this bank. Conclusion Therefore, conclusion can be drawn that the SIS is utilized by various companies for successfully gaining their organizational goals and objectives. The major advantage of the SIS or strategic information system is that it gives competitive advantage to all the organizations. Accounting software is any particular kind of application software that is utilized for the purposes of recording as well as processing of the finance related transactions. The major function of accounting software is similar to an accounting information system. The above literature review has outlined a brief discussion on the strategic information system of the one of the most popular banks in Australia, known as the CBA or Commonwealth Bank of Australia. This literature review has also provided the several organizational problems and the organizational structure of CBA. The system efficiency method, system flowchart and the various control problems of the organization is provided here. The relevant accounting software package for CBA is also provided here. Moreover, the market leaders and the competitors of the Commonwealth Bank of Australia are provided in this literature review. The final part of the literature review consists of relevant suggestions and recommendations for the bank. References Alexander, K. ed., 2013. Facilities management: theory and practice. Routledge. Al-Hiyari, A., AL-Mashre, M.H.H. and Mat, N.K.N., 2013. Factors that affect accounting information system implementation and accounting information quality: A survey in University Utara Malaysia.American Journal of Economics,3(1), pp.27-31. Amrollahi, A., Ghapanchi, A.H. and Talaei-Khoei, A., 2013. A systematic literature review on strategic information systems planning: Insights from the past decade.Verified OK. Arvidsson, V., Holmstrm, J. and Lyytinen, K., 2014. Information systems use as strategy practice: A multi-dimensional view of strategic information system implementation and use.The Journal of Strategic Information Systems,23(1), pp.45-61. Bryson, J., 2017.Effective library and information centre management. Routledge. Commbank.com.au. 2018.Personal banking including accounts, credit cards and home loans - CommBank. [online] Available at: https://www.commbank.com.au/ [Accessed 13 Apr. 2018]. Dandago, K.I. and Rufai, A.S., 2014. Information technology and accounting information system in the Nigerian banking industry.Asian Economic and Financial Review,4(5), pp.655-670. Galliers, R.D. and Leidner, D.E. eds., 2014.Strategic information management: challenges and strategies in managing information systems. Routledge. Gholami, R., Sulaiman, A.B., Ramayah, T. and Molla, A., 2013. Senior managers perception on green information systems (IS) adoption and environmental performance: Results from a field survey.Information Management,50(7), pp.431-438. Haux, R., Winter, A., Ammenwerth, E. and Brigl, B., 2013.Strategic information management in hospitals: an introduction to hospital information systems. Springer Science Business Media. Hill, C.W., Jones, G.R. and Schilling, M.A., 2014.Strategic management: theory: an integrated approach. Cengage Learning. Konsynski, B.R. and Karimi, J., 2013. The Information Technology and Management Infrastructure Strategy Globalization and information management strategies. InStrategic Information Management(pp. 103-126). Routledge. Laudon, K.C. and Laudon, J.P., 2016.Management information system. Pearson Education India. Ogiela, L., 2015. Advanced techniques for knowledge management and access to strategic information.International Journal of Information Management,35(2), pp.154-159. Palvia, P.C. and Palvia, S.C., 2013. Understanding the global information technology environment: representative world issues.Strategic Information Management, p.151. Simkin, M.G., Norman, C.S. and Rose, J.M., 2014.Core concepts of accounting information systems. John Wiley Sons. Willcocks, L., 2013.Information management: the evaluation of information systems investments. Springer. Xero Accounting Software. 2018.Online Accounting Software Free Trial, Free Support | Xero. [online] Available at: https://www.xero.com/ [Accessed 13 Apr. 2018]. Yoo, Y., 2013. The tables have turned: How can the information systems field contribute to technology and innovation management research?.Journal of the Association for Information Systems,14(5), p.227. Youn, S., Yang, M.G.M., Hong, P. and Park, K., 2013. Strategic supply chain partnership, environmental supply chain management practices, and performance outcomes: an empirical study of Korean firms.Journal of Cleaner Production,56, pp.121-130.

The Need for Active Engagement Strategies an Example by

The Need for Active Engagement Strategies In active engagement, teachers will be examining the textual information to give meanings and try to locate organizational patterns. The strategy requires linking of minor and major ideas using concept mapping. Active engagement is very effective and it was proven to be very useful and efficient in helping the child learn the textual information. Children need the use of active engagement strategies in promoting comprehension of informational text due to the fact that it will facilitate childrens learning and success. Active engagement provides the teachers a help in letting the students better comprehend their content area and the informational textual readings. Need essay sample on "The Need for Active Engagement Strategies" topic? We will write a custom essay sample specifically for you Proceed First and foremost active engagement lets the children attend the classes more. It was noted that children decreases their attention and motivation as they grow older and as they jump from one academic level to another (Brewster 2000). Children with low levels of active engagement increase the potential risk of disorderly behavior and thus could not concentrate on school. In the first place, if children do not want go to school, he will not be able to learn anything. (Woods 1995) People Usually Tell EssayLab support:How much do I have to pay someone to write my essay online?Professional writers suggest:Get Help In Writing An EssayEssay Company Cheap Essay Writing Best Essay Writing Service Custom Writing Reviews The next important reason why we should employ children in active engagement is because active engagement focuses children into learning. Engagement helps the children in acquiring greater attention because they are involved in the activities such as small groups. The idea of active participation among these small groups harnesses the span of attention of young minds. The active participation will be much easier for children if the teacher prepared text organizations which will improve comprehension, fortifies content understanding and gives the children mindset of how the textual information are organized. Active engagement also support learning specific skills and concept. Since childrens participation is involved the tendency to learn concepts becomes higher. Understanding the concepts would be especially helpful with the use of concept maps. In this case, the flow of thought of a child in relation to textual information becomes clear. The use of topic development or spider map visualizes the topic. (Jablon 2006) Engaging experiences of children in learning the textual information helps due to different reasons. Engagement requires active investigation which increases the childrens curiosity and helps in achieving the interest on the subject matter. Learning process in textual information is more likely weary without collaboration. Active engagement promotes collaboration into smaller groups where children can interact with other children of the same group. Since, the actively participating children have a work to consider in smaller groups, they will have a choice of how they will be conducting the designated task. (Jablon 2006). The most important benefit of active engagement strategies in promoting comprehension of informational text is the positive association of children in learning. Textual information is weary to discuss however, active participation increases enthusiasm, enjoyment, creativity and diligence. Once children achieve all the stated feeling, they will have a positive association with learning and will become more eager to attend school. (Jablon 2006). Active engagement strategies really give a lot of benefits to the learning individual especially in the field of informational text. The facts stated make it necessary for active engagement be involved in teaching informational text. Work Cited Jablon, Judy. 2006. Using Engagemgent Strategies to facilitate Childrens Learning and Success. National Association for the Education of Young Children. Brewster, Cori. October 2000. Increasing Student Engagement and Motivation: From Time-on-Task to Homework Northwest regional Educational Laboratory. \ Woods, Gregory. March 1995. Reducing the Dropout Rate Northwest regional Educational Laboratory.

Jean-Jacques Rousseau

Jean-Jacques Rousseau Free Online Research Papers Jean-Jacques Rousseau was born in 1712. The death of his mother and the abandonment of his father brought about adult circumstances in his young life. Critical thinking maybe something he learned through his encounters in his informal education with Plutarch and Calvinist Sermons. He believed that civilization was the catalyst to the lack of natural freedom. Also he believed that all humans were born with the same liberties and that these liberties were taken away by social inequalities. Though his philosophies are arguably revolutionary for the times, the question still remains; is Rousseau legitimately considered to be part of the Enlightenment movement? Perhaps the single most important Enlightenment writer was the philosopher-novelist-composer-music theorist-language theorist. Jean-Jacques Rousseau (1712-1778), who is important not merely for his ideas (which generally recycled older Enlightenment ideas) but for his passionate rhetoric, which enflamed a generation and beyond. The central problem he confronted most of his life he sums up in the first sentence of his most famous work, The Social Contract:† Man is born free but everywhere is in chains. Rousseau was considered part of the Enlightenment. Some even have regarded him as the most important individual found during the Enlightenment. His ideas were extremely radical for his time and somewhat continue to be radical in modern times. Some may even compare him to the more modern Karl Marx. Most of Rousseau’s works were based around the idea that humans were born with liberties and slowly overtime these liberties are stripped away. Rousseau also believed that civilization has taken away our natural freedoms. He argued the price of civilization is human freedom and human individuality . Even if each man could alienate himself, he could not alienate his children: they are born free; their liberty belongs to them, and no one buy they has the right to dispose of it. Rousseau tried to break out of the Enlightenment mold by having his essay Discourse on the Sciences and Arts published in 1751. He won an essay contest with this entry because of its radical material. He dis counted everything that the encyclopedist had strived to obtain. He stated that the sciences and the arts were the heart of the demise of society. However, this seemed to further his popularity among the group that he was trying to distinguish himself from. His theories were so far ahead of his time that men such as Voltaire balked at him and his efforts. Rousseau believed that people that held power often abused that power. He suggested that nobles and kings abused their power and that they were not absolute. In order for a king to have power the people had to allow him that power not God as many had thought in times before. Abuses of power can, of course, threaten the very life of the state. When the government- properly responsible only for carrying out the general will- takes upon itself the sovereign responsibility of establishing legal requirements for the people, the social contract has been broken. For Rousseau, then, the establishment of a government is always provisional and temporary, subject to the continual review by its citizens. Since the legitimacy of the social contract depends upon the unanimous consent of all the governed, the sovereign general will is fully expressed only in an assembly of the entire population. Even the effort to establish a representative legislative body is an illusion, according to Rousseau, since only each for all can determine the general. The Social Contract preached against people staying in the â€Å"main stream.† Man is born free; and everywhere he is still in chains. One thinks himself the master of others, and still remains a greater slave than they. Rousseau states many times in all of his works that he is against a moncharial society unless it is ruling people that are not able to make up their own minds, however, he believes that most can make their own decisions. Each man, in giving himself to all, gives himself to nobody. This particular set of quotes further establishes his role of the thinking of educated people in the enlightenment period. He wanted society to catch up and realize that they did not have to be miserable in the way they were being governed. The enlightenment period embodies thoughts of pushing towards a new way of thinking and Rousseau was the front man for this movement whether or not he wanted to be. Rousseau did not want to be a part of the enlightenment in fact he mocked ever ything that these men were working for, ironically when one is learning about this period his name is by far one of the most recognized. Rousseau fought for the right of the people. He believed that if man put the general will of the people first that everyone would lead a much happier life. Each of us puts his person and all his power in common under the supreme direction of the general will, and, in our corporate capacity, we receive each member as an indivisible part of the whole. He believed that without an absolute sovereign people would be much more responsive and there would also be less corruption within the government if there was more than one person running the show so to speak. This formula shows us that the act of association comprises a mutual undertaking between the public and the individuals. And that each individual, in making a contract, as we may say, with himself, is bound in a double capacity; as a member of the State to the Sovereign. But the maxim of civil right, that no one is bound by undertakings made to himself, does not apply in this case; for there is a great difference between incurring an obligation to yourself and incurring one to a whole of which you form a part. He argued that the King did his job just because he had to; which in Rousseau’s mind was a horrible calamity because if one is forced to do a task or does not know what the people think of his decision or know how exactly how his decision will affect those who are under his rule he should be considered an ineffective ruler. Those that live and see what is affecting their area should be able to make the decisions of what is going to happen to their families and possessions. This way of thinking almost completely eliminates a monarchal situation. In all Rousseau may not have considered himself a part of the Enlightenment movement, however, he was very much a huge contender to the times. His beliefs were so advanced many did not appreciate them until a few years after his death. His beliefs affect American lives on a daily basis, his political beliefs and teaching are deeply rooted in our Declaration of Independence. He was a man that was way before his time. His writings help support the fact that he was a leader in the movement. One cannot be considered revolutionary and not be apart of the movement that is going on during that specific time period. Rousseau was a revolutionary man! Research Papers on Jean-Jacques RousseauBringing Democracy to AfricaCapital PunishmentQuebec and CanadaComparison: Letter from Birmingham and CritoAssess the importance of Nationalism 1815-1850 EuropeEffects of Television Violence on ChildrenInfluences of Socio-Economic Status of Married MalesUnreasonable Searches and SeizuresPersonal Experience with Teen PregnancyCanaanite Influence on the Early Israelite Religion

Business Plan Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Business Plan - Coursework Example Startup capital shall be from two sources – personal investments from each partner, and a short-term bank loan, which the company sees to close by the end of its 3rd year of operations. Since the business is really more of an independent label, very little capital expenditures shall be made. The bulk of its budget will be focused on marketing and operations. The business will initially be located in one of the partner’s homes, for cost efficiency. This is where the management will meet with clients and vendors, and hold office in the meantime. It will operate on no revenue and implement a low overhead for the first year. The owners will focus on relationship marketing in order to get media partners and good costs for equipment rental during recordings. It will do tie ups with event organizers and media bodies to achieve the desired media mileage for the brand as a whole, and for all its talents. Diva Records desires to achieve equity through below the line efforts with these potential partners. II. BUSINESS DESCRIPTION AND VISION Diva Record’s vision is to promote local music groups while increasing live appearances and sales. This two-fold objective is really focused on giving back to the community by honing local talents and at the same time gaining revenues for the company to be able to sustain and expand the services. Its keys to success are as follows: 1. Careful selection of talents to sign up. There will be very rigid screening to get only the finest local talents per category. 2. Limit the number of talents to sign up to be able to stay focused on the marketing efforts. 3. Have a mix of work and fun. The music business is a fun business, and the owners, being passionate about their work, looks forward to creative improvements as time goes by. Instead of competing with the larger record labels, Diva records will apply a more focused regional approach to concentrate on local and homegrown talents. These artists’ goal is to be v isibly known in the local market, and eventually penetrate the mainstream. This group in interested in gaining exposure and be known by the local market, since as more people know them, they are most likely to get projects and gigs, and possibly produce a CD, consequently earning more revenues. Diva Records wishes to be known as a hard-working and promoting record label, with the reputation of having support for local talents. Such brand equity will bring the record label to its own place in the market. III. MARKET ANALYSIS Diva Records targets two primary market segments – record stores and consumers at live shows. The management’s focus is to develop visibility within the community, enough to be able to sign up artists which is they to gaining mileage and revenues. The two target markets that have been identified are as follows: 1. Record retailers – this segment distributes the product to end-users. This is the retail channel that ultimately moves the greates t quantity of CDs. It takes time for record stores to be able to sell these CDs as some artists need to gain following before their songs are patronized. However, Diva Records will endeavor to get the partnerships of these record stores, even going as far as sponsoring their activities to be able to have a good position in their display areas. A long-term relationship is foreseen with these establishments. 2. Patrons at live gigs and concerts –

PROJECT mANAGEMENT( CASE STUDY) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

PROJECT mANAGEMENT( CASE STUDY) - Essay Example Number in the top of the set is the time this activity individual requires or the total time allocated to complete this activity. Compartment with 0 carries the point in time particular activity can be started. Therefore Activity A can be started at 0 point in time means that as soon as the project started and it is the Earliest Start Time (Anantatmula, 2010). Whereas Compartment with 7 refers total time consumed after completing this particular activity which means it shows the Earliest Finish Time (Brotherton, Fried, and Norman, 2008). Bottom right compartment is the time of latest finish activity. For instance, activity can be finished at the latest by 10 weeks and any further delay than 10 weeks would impact total duration of the project. Number below the complete box refers the amount of time (weeks in under study case) this particular activity can be delayed without affecting the total project time; called float (Brotherton, Fried, and Norman, 2008). For instance, activity A ca n be delayed to maximum of 3 weeks without affecting the total project time. This delay would also allow this activity to be included in the critical path and as the gap available for delay would entirely be consumed by the initially activity. So an activity can be represented as follows: Duration of the project Earliest Start Time A Earliest Finish Time Latest Start Time Latest finish Time float Path identified with red arrow is the critical path. Critical path refers to path or the flow of activities that are critically dependent on each other and delay in these activities would immediately result in delay of the project. Critical path of this project includes following activities: B-E-H-J-K-L. It is identified with activities that have zero (0) float; referring to no time cushion to delay this particular activity. It is the longest path and any delay in these activities will delay the entire project. The float of the activity D and F are 3 weeks and 1 week respectively. This mean s that activity D and activity F can be delayed by 3 weeks and 1 week respectively and this delay would have no impact on the duration of the project and project will be still completed on time. However, any delays in these activities with more than the stated time would impact completion of project on time (Alojairi, and Safayeni, 2009). Activity F has a float of 1 week and delay in this would affect the overall time required to complete the project. Manager in order to reduce time for delay in the critical path can take the benefit of float of F and G and shall take up both activities parallel. Hence, this way, two weeks benefit will be in hand to project manager. Within these two weeks manager can allocate additional resources for such as multiple panel for hiring and training staff in order to complete the project within due time or minimizing the delay. ANSWER # 1 (b) Each component of the project plays its part in order to complete the project within the duration. However, amo ng large number of factors few are regarded as critical and discrepancy on these factors such as delays can resultantly cause the delay of the entire project along with cost also being affected. Being critical these factors require considerable attention to ensure minimization of the discrepancy chances (Bredillet, 2005). For the given project of developing petrol station with convenience stores being market already explored by Tesco Metro and Sainsbury’s Local but with distinction to exploit the high income class

Discuss Issues Related with the Police and Use Force Policies Essay

Discuss Issues Related with the Police and Use Force Policies - Essay Example As per the City of Edmonds Police Policy Manual section 1.3.1 use of force should be reasonable and needed to either arrest a person or control a situation. Officers should follow the rules and regulations of the department while using force. The manual differentiates between the words â€Å"force†, and â€Å"deadly force†. Force is â€Å"Physical action taken by an officer to assist that officer in controlling a situation or the behavior of others†, while deadly force is â€Å"The intentional application of force through the use of firearms or any other means reasonably likely to cause death or serious bodily injury† (MRSC). According to the Seattle Police Department Directives (2005) the use of force is applied as per the provisions of the RCW 9A. 16.010 and 9A16.020, depending on the overall situation emerging out of the circumstances. Types of situations demanding the use of force can be identified but upcoming scenarios cannot be guessed prior to their happening compelling the police officers to use force (Seattle Police Department). Police use of force, according to Engel (2008) has been an issue of research by different methods and statistical techniques that include not only official data sources but data from keen social observations, ethnographic research, officer surveys, citizen surveys and their analysis. Yet the scholarly research has not produced a comprehensive picture of the use force policies, leave alone the regular monitoring of the police use of force. Scholars like Garner, Maxwell, and Heraux, 2002; Hickman et al., 2008; Terrill and Mastrofski, 2002, have acknowledged the different parameters of monitoring the use of force. As a result it becomes difficult to explain the differences in results on the studies made on these subjects. The issue of monitoring the use of force is related to use force policies. Although these differences in the concept and monitoring of use of force have been identified by the

Psychological Effects Of Alcohol On Behavior

Psychological Effects Of Alcohol On Behavior When people think of the negative effects alcohol has on the body, many times people may think of the damage it does to the internal organs. Some of the areas that are affected by alcohol are the liver, the stomach and pancreas, and the kidneys. These are all vital organs that need to remain healthy in order for our bodies to function properly. The effects of alcohol on these organs differ for each person due to the fact that we all have different bodies. Some can consume greater amounts of alcohol with little effects due to the size variation in our bodies. However, the one organ that I believe is affected the same amongst all people would be the brain. Once alcohol starts to effect regions of your brain, you will begin to experience numerous psychological and neurological issues. There are many different psychological and neurological effects that alcohol has on the brain, thus affecting the rest of your body. Anytime you voluntarily or involuntarily alter your psychological or neu rological state, you begin to change your feelings and emotions. Negative Feelings that manifest from alcohol use include nightmares, overwhelming fears, discontent, and restlessness, not to mention the internal damage that is being done during consumption. Personality changes are another component of alcohol abuse. Alcohol can make substantial personality changes that may not be recognized to the naked eye. Once a person is intoxicated, personality traits that can usually be noticed on a regular day-to-day basis have now changed and often take a turn for the worst when alcohol consumption is excessive. There have been many proven cases and studies conducted that yield the effects of alcohol and the results can be very detrimental to ones life. Amongst all of the side-effects associated with alcohol, depression is one of the most common and well known effects your mind and body may experience. Alcohol is considered to be a central nervous system depressant. As we have discussed before, the central nervous system, which consists of the brain, spinal cord and the retina, coordinates the activity of all parts of the body. When alcohol is consumed in large quantities and then circulates throughout the body, it diminishes or slows down the activity within the brain thus affecting the activity of the rest of the body. Regarding depression, alcohol has been shown to lower the level of norepinephrine and serotonin in the brain. These two chemicals give you your feeling of well being and they help you to feel normal. Without the appropriate amount of these chemicals, you will experience spells of depression. Tests have been conducted to show that after a long period of alcohol free drinking, many have shown improved depression score s. However, those that continue to drink may trigger even more feelings of depression, which in turn causes a person to drink even more, to suppress the feelings of the depression. This is a vicious cycle that could continue on until professional help is sought. Many people that drink alcohol feel that the alcohol will make all of their problems go away, but this is not true at all, if anything alcohol abuse eventually will make things worse in the long run. Not only are your problems still there, but now you also have an addiction to the alcohol and the depression you suffer from becomes more prominent and lasts longer than before. Anxiety is another disease that can sometimes be directly connected with alcohol abuse. When people consume large amounts of alcohol they have a tendency to become stressed from the impact of the alcohol, causing many situations that arise to become blown out of proportion. The long term effects that alcohol has on the nervous system and the problems that the body faces during the alcohol use can sometimes be life threatening. Many people feel that if they drink and just get a buzz off of the alcohol then its alright and no harm is done, but in actuality, the short term satisfaction that one receives from alcohol will give way to a series of stresses on your system that will manifest psychologically. People who abuse alcohol may become selfish or angry about their surroundings and just life in general. Aggression and mood swings are some of the more common traits that are also associated with alcohol abuse. These changes in behavior are brought on by the alcohols effect on serotonin levels in your body which can trigger a persons emotions to spiral out of control causing them to become irate or even combative at times. People who abuse alcohol have a disregard for others feelings and well being. As alcohol affects the body, the brains circuitry decreases as well as the thinking and reasoning process of the brain, which is a common side effect of alcohol abuse. Often times when people are intoxicated, they are willing to do or say anything without any recollection later on what was said or done. Their deductive and inductive reasoning becomes clouded by the alcohol. Those who drink large amounts of alcohol go through a number of denial issues just as you would expect in any other drug addict to go through. People who abuse alcohol will not even notice the fact that they are becoming more and more intoxicated on an everyday basis. Many people may not be able to see what their alcohol dependency is actually doing to them the way someone else can, but the reality of the matter is, it is a progressive illness that worsens over time. The longer a person drinks and the more alcohol that is consumed, the more pronounced the effects will be on their system (Wechsler et al., 1994). These psychological effects of alcohol and the effects it has on ones behavior can be felt over and over again, not just by the person consuming the alcohol but by their family and loved ones as well. There are hangovers felt the morning after and not to mention just the feeling of not knowing what you did after you became intoxicated. For this paper, I researched many experiments conducted which attempted to illustrate or prove the effects alcohol has on ones behavior. Each experiment differs in the research, but all serve the same purpose in the identification of the psychological and neurological effects alcohol has on a person thus effecting their behavior. In the research articles that were conducted, a comparison was completed between people who had been affected by alcoholism and people who had not. The reason for each experiment was to see if alcohol had any effect on an individuals behavior or not. In the first study which was conducted by Wright et. al, a test was conducted to see if adolescents of alcoholics who were college students differ from nonclinical college students on substance abuse, perceived social support, problem solving, and suicidal ideation. They concluded that there was no difference between the two groups.(Wright et. al, 1992). Another study that was conducted by Cooper et. al was give n to see if individual therapy in short-term groups would help to improve test scores (Cooper et. al, 1992). Members of the adolescents of alcoholics also known as ACAs support group and ACA college students were compared by Lashubeck et. al, to see if there was a difference in social support, psychological distress, and hardness among ACAs. From the comparison the study brought forth, it was predicted that there would be some differentiation (Lashubeck et. al, 1992). Also there was a research study conducted by Hall et. al, ACAs and traumatic experience also known as TE groups. They compared the ACA and TE groups to each other. They compared the ACA and the TE groups with a control group; the control group involved people who have sought professional help for their addiction. The study also concentrated on the differences in grade point averages (GPAs) and adults who had been exposed to traumatic events during their childhood (Wechsler et al., 1994). It was concluded that adults wi th childhood traumatic experiences were more likely to encounter difficulties during childhood as well as later in life. The study concluded that there was no difference between the GPAs and the hypothesis that was tested turned out to be true (Hall et.al, 1994). A study was done by Cornelius et.al, to show which of the two control groups had the higher drinking rate. This study was conducted in order to compare the parental drinking among adolescents and adults. The rates of binge drinking and heavy drinking were highest among the teenage group. When tested, adults had a significantly higher average on a daily basis of alcohol prior to pregnancy than adolescents, but the teenagers held the highest rate once they became pregnant (Cornelius et.al, 1994). Winokur et.al conducted a survey, of college students during their first and second year of college in order to observe the development of alcohol usage and their behavior in college. When the study was finished it suggested that eve ry college student who used alcohol during the first year continued to do so during their second year as well. The results suggested that heavy alcohol use is not a main behavior characteristic, but that it is learned in college (Winokur et.al, 1993). In each one of these articles, the researchers used a different variety of tests and surveys either to confirm or negate their hypothesis. The hypothesis that were given in the articles were all supportive to the research except the ones given by Cornelius et al., and Winokur et al. Based on the information given in these articles, alcohol will affect everyone who abuses it in some way shape or form. Another study was taken that, in my opinion, displayed two results. This study would illustrate the effects alcohol has on ones behavior regarding math and grammar, but also see if alcohol effects one type of group more then another. Rationale: Does having a bias opinion to alcohol have a greater or lesser effect on a students math and grammar skills. Hypothesis: One glass of alcohol will have a lesser effect on those students from families of alcoholic parents. (Cornelius et.al, 1994). Subjects: A total of 12 students participated in the experiment, including six students from families with parents who are alcoholics which were the dependent variable and six students not from families with parents who are considered to be alcoholics, and they are the independent variable. Method: Consent to participate was given to all students to sign. Materials that were used in the survey were administered individually to all students who participated. All students were interviewed individually in their dorm rooms. They were unaware of the groups that they were being placed in for the study. Students in this survey were given a glass of alcohol. They drank enough alcohol in order to blow a 0.01 on a reath Alizer machine for the beginning of this experiment. Students were administered a pre-test in grammar and mathematics. The mathematics test will consist of the four basic components of arithmetic which include addition, subtraction, multiplication and division, to assure that nothing else will be measured. The grammar test will consist of a sentence completion test. The verb in each sentence will be left out and the student must use the correct verb and present or past tense of the verb. Students then returned a week later to perform the same steps. (Drink enough alcohol in order to blow a 0.01 then take another math and grammar test. Result: The results of this study were analyzed by using the T-test. The scores were analyzed to see if having a predisposition to alcohol has a greater effect on ones mathematics was 95 and the mean score for non-alcoholic parents was 91.67. The data for the independent T test were T= -.21 (SD= 8783.3), with a standard error of 18.74, DF+10, and P*.o5 results were not significant. The number of students in each group was eight. For the participants who did not come from parents of alcoholic parents the means score for grammar was 80. The data from the Independent T test were T=0, with standard error 16.1 (SD= 6466.66), DF=10 and P*.05, results were not significant. Discussion: The hypothesis was not supported One glass of alcohol does not have a lesser effect on those students from families of alcoholic parents. A total of 12 students participated in the experiment, including six students from families with parents who were alcoholics and six students not from families with parents who were alcoholics. In researching this topic and reviewing the various experiments conducted, I found that it is somewhat difficult to predict the extent to which alcohol will have on a particular individual. However, one fact remains, that you can be sure that neurological and psychological effects are evident amongst people who drink alcohol. The amount of alcohol consumed and the consistency of consumption will determine the extent of the neurological and psychological effects. Sometimes the effects are not noticeable by just looking at a person outer appearance but a deeper look into a persons psychological state following a few drinks may tell a different story.

The Life of William Penn Essay -- American History

William Penn, most commonly known for the establishment of the state of Pennsylvania, could also be referred to as the first great pioneer of American liberty. His beliefs on equal rights and religious toleration not only contributed to liberty in the Old World, but in the New World as well. In a time when religions persecuted one another for their beliefs, colonists were stealing land from Indians, and women had little to no rights, Penn established a sanctuary free from the stereotypes that were common in that time in history. Founded by William Penn, Pennsylvania and the eventual city of Philadelphia still bear the marks of the advancement of religious tolerance still witnessed by society today. William Penn was born October 14, 1644 in London, England and spent most of his youth in that general vicinity. He was the oldest of three children, having a younger brother and a younger sister. â€Å"As the eldest son, Penn followed the usual path as heir to his father’s estates. Thus he was educated in the typical manner of the gentry, being sent to a private school and later to a university† (Geiter, 14). After being homeschooled until the age of 11, he began his formal training at Chigwell Academy near Wanstead in Essex, England. Penn attended several colleges throughout Europe including Oxford University and Lincoln’s Inn, a prestigious law school in London. William Penn’s education and law background helped round out his skills and prepared him to take his place in society but his eventual conversion to Quakerism prevented him from entering a political career as expected by his family. â€Å"While Penn did not follow the traditional route, by becom ing, for example, a member of parliament, he did become a major figure in English Politics† ... ...ter, Mary K. William Penn. Harlow, England: Longman, 2000. 14, 167. Print. Powell, Jim. "William Penn, America's First Great Champion for Liberty and Peace." Quaker.org. The Freeman. Web. 1 Mar. 2012. Patton, Allyson. "Brotherly Love Comes To Philadelphia." British Heritage 26.6 (2006): 43-48. MasterFILE Premier. Jstor. 20 Mar. 2012. Foster, Genevieve. The World of William Penn. New York: Scribner, 1973. 32. Print. Geiter, Mary K., and W. A. Speck. Colonial America: From Jamestown to Yorktown. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2002. 97. Print. William Penn Biography. N.p., 3 Dec. 2007. Web. 20 Mar. 2012. . Lingelbach, William E. â€Å"William Penn and City Planning.† The Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography , Vol. 68, No. 4 (Oct.,1944): 401. MasterFILE Premier. Jstor. 20 Mar. 2012.